在托福閱讀的眾多題型中，事實(shí)信息題+修辭目的題+推斷題絕對稱得上boss級別的三座大山，同學(xué)們要想在閱讀上拿到27+的高分勢必要攻克這三類題型。一方面從數(shù)量上來講，這三類題的出現(xiàn)次數(shù)一般是穩(wěn)居前三名的；另一方面從難度上來講，由于這些題目涉及到對于相應(yīng)段落的準(zhǔn)確分析和對于答案來源句的精準(zhǔn)定位，想要在有限時(shí)間內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)題目的正確解答屬實(shí)是個(gè)難度不小的挑戰(zhàn)。

今天呢我們就這三座大山放在一起，分析一下它們之間存在的一些共性和特性，從而可以讓大家能夠高效解決這三類題目。

首先從共性上看，這三類題都涉及到對于文章段落的分層分析以及答案句的定位，換句話來說就是正確選項(xiàng)的來源都是可以從原文中找到對應(yīng)的句子的，只不過不同的問法需要我們找的句子是不同的。因此，如何快速準(zhǔn)確的定位到答案來源句則是我們做題中需要解決的至關(guān)重要的內(nèi)容。

事實(shí)信息題——what，信息本身
 
事實(shí)信息題根據(jù)問題類型大致可以分為兩類：正向事實(shí)信息題+否定事實(shí)信息題。其中正向事實(shí)信息題的考察內(nèi)容就在于題干所聞的信息本身，也就是what，因此對于正向事實(shí)信息題的解題思路可以分為兩步走——定位+同義轉(zhuǎn)寫。如果題干中正好出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵信息詞可以回到原文精準(zhǔn)的定位到該信息那是最好不過的了，理解這句話的意思之后再從選項(xiàng)里尋找同義句，正確答案就自然水落石出了。

但是如果我們無法通過題干進(jìn)行快速定位也不用過于緊張，這類題目的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)設(shè)置往往都是“無中生有”，即文中并未出現(xiàn)過相關(guān)內(nèi)容的表述，因此同學(xué)們也可以通過排除法迅速選出正確答案。

而否定事實(shí)信息題的考察內(nèi)容則相對單一，一般都是根據(jù)段落中的三到四個(gè)并列細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行選項(xiàng)設(shè)置，因此同學(xué)們只要耐心將選項(xiàng)和原文一一對應(yīng)找到EXCEPT 或 NOT MENTIONED的內(nèi)容即可。

比如我們來看下面這兩道例題

Water drawn from the lagoon (the large, shallow body of water between Venice and the Mediterranean Sea) and the canals within the city served many domestic uses such as washing and cooking inventories of even the most modest households list large numbers of buckets, which were emptied and rinsed, the ones used to carry the brackish (somewhat salty) canal water were kept separate from those intended for fresh water. 

Still, even serving such needs would have been impossible if the canals of Venice had been extremely polluted. /// The government was obliged to impose controls, and in the early fourteenth century, the Great Council prohibited the washing of all cloth and dyed woolens in the canals, adding that water used for dyeing could not be flushed into the canals. 

Henceforth dirty water of that sort was to go into the lagoon. /// Thanks to resistance on the part of the dyers, infractions were many, the law did not reflect common practice. A century later, however, most of the dye works that used blood or indigo (a dark blue dye) had shifted to the periphery of the city, as had all activities “that let off bad odors or smells,” such as butchering.

Blood, carcasses, and spoiled meat were to go into the lagoon. The canals of Venice began to be protected in the name of nascent ecological awareness.

According to paragraph 2, how did dyers respond to the controls imposed by the government?

A.They switched from using dyes that let off bad odors or smells to new dyes that smelled much better.

B.They resisted initially but eventually moved most of the dyeing operations outside the city center.

C.They argued that the government did not consider common practice before imposing the controls

D.They started washing cloth and woolens dyed with blood and indigo in the lagoon.

該段內(nèi)容大致可以分為三層，日常用水來自lagoon和canals——政府為保護(hù)canals制定的措施——措施具體的實(shí)施情況。而問題中提到的dyers回應(yīng)政府的措施正好對應(yīng)第三層內(nèi)容，因此我們可以很快對應(yīng)到原文中找到答案句：起初dyers是反抗的，但是一個(gè)世紀(jì)之后大部分還是搬到了城市的邊緣，也可以同義轉(zhuǎn)寫表述為先抵制后接受的前后變化，因此B選項(xiàng)就可以順利選擇出來了。

In the thirteenth century, a decision was made to create 50 additional cisterns, primarily in the recently urbanized area at the edge of the city. At the same time, a campaign was launched to repair the existing cisterns.

Expansion of the cistern system stopped during much of the fourteenth century as Venice, like other cities in Europe, suffered from bubonic plague. In the fifteenth century, however, a new program of cistern construction and repair was undertaken.

According to paragraph 5, all of the following had an effect on cisterns in Venice from thethirteenth to the fifteenth century EXCEPT

A.the construction of cisterns in other cities in Europe

B.the establishment of programs to construct and repair cisterns

C.the outbreak of bubonic plague

D.the urbanization of an area at the edge of the city

這道題首先審題要注意到是一個(gè)否定事實(shí)信息題，也就是讓我們選擇下列哪個(gè)信息在原文中沒有出現(xiàn)，而題目正好對應(yīng)了原文中13、14、15世紀(jì)三個(gè)時(shí)期不同影響cisterns修建的事件，因此只要回到原文中一一對應(yīng)即可，正確答案是B。

修辭目的題——why，信息的作用
 
修辭目的題，顧名思義就是根據(jù)問題采用的修辭方法的不同而去判斷作者提到該信息的目的，大致上我們可以分為兩類修辭：舉例+類比。首先我們要明確，舉例又叫例證，例子在托福文章中的作用就是為了證明作者提到的某一看法或觀點(diǎn)，因此當(dāng)題目問到作者為什么要提到某一例子的時(shí)候，我們的解題思路應(yīng)該是——定位+往前找該例子證明的觀點(diǎn)。

其次，類比的手法我們往往都是用來比較二者的相似點(diǎn)或是相同點(diǎn)，常見于解釋說明一個(gè)抽象的概念，因此當(dāng)題目問到作者為什么要提到類比對象的時(shí)候，我們的解題思路應(yīng)該是——定位+往前找該類比對象解釋的抽象內(nèi)容。

需要注意的是，我們根據(jù)題干定位的到的信息無論是舉例還是類比都是細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容本身，而不是作者的目的，因此需要我們有“往前找”這一步驟，而這一點(diǎn)也是修辭目的題和事實(shí)信息題在考點(diǎn)方面的主要區(qū)別。

比如我們來看下面這道例題

The city of Venice, built on saltwater marshes and crisscrosses by canal, experienced problems with its water supply for most of its history. One fifteenth-century French traveler noted that “in a city in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths, they often go thirsty.”How was the community to solve this important problem?

Why does the author include the quotation “in a city in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths, they often go thirsty.”?

A.To indicate that the French traveled to Venice frequently in the fifteenth century

B.To illustrate the opinion of other Europeans about the water situation in Venice

C.To suggest that the water supply problem of Venice continued well beyond the fifteenth century

D.To emphasize how serious the water problem was in Venice

這道目的題詢問的是quotation引言的作用，本質(zhì)上也是將別人說過的話當(dāng)做例子來證明作者提出的觀點(diǎn)，因此我們也將quotation看做是舉例的修辭就可以了。在這里還需要提醒各位一點(diǎn)，如果題干所問的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容是例子，那么一定要把例子所在的句子完整的看做是一個(gè)例子的整體。因此這道題我們就看做是作者提到One fifteenth-century French traveler noted that “in a city in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths, they often go thirsty.”

該信息的作用，定位之后我們往前去找例子證明的觀點(diǎn)，也就是段首句的同義句即可，正確答案D就自然選出來了。同時(shí)B選項(xiàng)為何是這道題的迷惑選項(xiàng)同學(xué)們自然也可以一眼發(fā)現(xiàn)了，一方面“其他歐洲人的觀點(diǎn)”也即原文“一個(gè)十五世紀(jì)法國人的觀點(diǎn)”是例子的一部分，仍然在講的是例子本身而非目的，一方面題目問的是“作者的目的和觀點(diǎn)”而不是其他人的觀點(diǎn)，綜上B選項(xiàng)都不可以選。

推斷題——infer，信息可推理的東西
 
首先我們要明確一個(gè)概念，什么是推斷？推斷題的答案絕對不是讓你猜測或者想象，而是要在原文的基礎(chǔ)上在合理范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行推理。很多同學(xué)面對推斷題往往會陷入一個(gè)誤區(qū)——既然是讓我推斷，那正確答案就應(yīng)該是原文中沒有提到的信息吧，這里我們需要注意，沒有直接提到≠沒有提到，即推斷題的答案我們有可能沒法像做事實(shí)信息題一樣直接對原句進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)寫得出答案，但推斷的依據(jù)一定能在原文中找到。

因此，當(dāng)我們做題糾結(jié)某兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)時(shí)一定要注意回到原文中去找選項(xiàng)來源的依據(jù)，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)往往都是無中生有的過度推理。

我們一起來看下面這道例題

Much more stringent measures were necessary to guarantee a supply of drinking water, however. In the early centuries of settlement in the lagoon basin, the populations depended on wells on the nearby coastal region. By the ninth century, however, with the increase in population density, cisterns became necessary. 

Basically, the cisterns were large, covered pits dug into the ground and lined with clay to hold water. The cisterns were located in the city, but unlike the wells, the cisterns were not supplied with water from the lagoon, they collected rainwater instead. Cisterns became widespread in the growing city.

It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that wells on the nearby coastal region

A.were smaller in size than the cisterns located in the city

B.served as a water source for the growing number of cisterns in the city

C.increased in number as the population density increased

D.provided enough water for only a relatively small number of people

題目讓我們推理的是有關(guān)“沿海地區(qū)的水井”的相關(guān)信息，那么我們回到原文中去定位可以發(fā)現(xiàn)針對wells的信息有兩點(diǎn)，一個(gè)是population，早年間人們主要靠水井供水，但是9世紀(jì)人口增加，cisterns變得必要；一個(gè)是from the lagoon，水井的水來自lagoon，cisterns的水來自雨水。

因此這道題的正確答案D就很顯而易見了，是通過population的信息推斷出來的。A選項(xiàng)其實(shí)是迷惑性非常強(qiáng)的選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樵闹刑岬絫he cisterns were large所以大家可能下意識認(rèn)為水井的尺寸小，這也是利用了大家的慣性思維從而形成的過度推理的結(jié)論，一定要注意避開這類陷阱。

以上就是《托福閱讀沒到27分，是因?yàn)槟氵€沒攻克這三類題型！》介紹。外語加油站，專業(yè)外語培訓(xùn)服務(wù)平臺?？焖倭私庋潘肌⑼懈?、SAT等外語考試報(bào)名信息、報(bào)考要求、真題詳解等，歡迎在線預(yù)約咨詢。