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托福真題解析【太陽(yáng)系之火星】

標(biāo)簽: 托福 發(fā)布時(shí)間:2023-12-15 16:12:52 來(lái)源:光年度夏考托

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托??疾?/a>過(guò)很多天文學(xué)的內(nèi)容,其中太陽(yáng)系的行星也分別在不同的模塊以不同的形式考查過(guò)很多次

例如:

【真題1-the surface of Mars】中對(duì)于火星表面的知識(shí)

【真題2-Life on Mars】是托福聽(tīng)力中考察關(guān)于火星上的生命的知識(shí)

【真題1】

Another prominent feature of Mars's surface is cratering.The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars,as well as that of its two moons,is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space.As on our Moon,the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming that Mars is a dry desert world.However,Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts.On the Moon,ancient craters less than 100 meters across(corresponding to depths of about 20 meters)have been obliterated,primarily by meteoritic erosion.On Mars,there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter.The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent,with Martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than

meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.

【真題2】

There's been a lot of talk recently about life on Mars,at the level of microorganisms anyway,mainly because of a few important discoveries and inventions.For example,one major discovery was that at one point water was present on Mars.How do we know?Well,in 2004,an exploration robot discovered jarosite there.

Jarosite is a yellowish-brown mineral with a crystalline structure that's also found on Earth.It contains iron,potassium,and hydroxide.The interesting thing is that on Earth at least,it needs highly acidic water to form.So we've got water...or had it at one point.And since most planetary scientists believe that water is essential to life,the presence of jarosite means that one prerequisite for life was once present on Mars.

由此可見(jiàn)火星相關(guān)的內(nèi)容在托福中考察的頻率還是很高的,那我們接下來(lái)來(lái)看一下關(guān)于火星的背景知識(shí)吧。

火星Mars,是距離太陽(yáng)第四近的行星,直徑是地球的一半,表面覆蓋著橘紅色的氧化鐵(Ferric Oxide);火星核中的鐵(iron)、鎂(magnesium)和硫化鐵(ferric sulfide)可能含帶較多的硫(sulfur)。

干貨!托福背景知識(shí)【太陽(yáng)系之火星】

火星大氣(atmosphere)

火星大氣以二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)為主(95.3%),加上氮?dú)猓╪itrogen)(2.7%)、氬氣(argon)(1.6%)和微量的氧氣(oxygen)(0.15%)和水汽(vapor)(0.03%)組成的。大氣密度只有地球的大約1%,非常干燥,溫度低,表面平均溫度零下55℃,水和二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)易凍結(jié)?;鹦谴髿鈱优c地球大氣層都有氮(nitrogen)存在,這是火星與地球最大的相似之處。

干貨!托福背景知識(shí)【太陽(yáng)系之火星】

火表形貌

火星基本上是沙漠行星,地表沙丘(dune)、礫石(gravel)遍布,沒(méi)有穩(wěn)定的液態(tài)水體,以二氧化碳為主的大氣既稀薄又寒冷,沙塵懸浮其中,每年常有塵暴發(fā)生。與地球相比,地質(zhì)活動(dòng)不活躍,而另一個(gè)獨(dú)特的地形特征是南北半球的明顯差別:北方是被熔巖(lava)填平的低原(lowland),南方則是充滿隕石坑的古老高地(highland),而兩者之間以明顯的斜坡分隔;火山地形穿插其中,眾多峽谷亦分布各地,南北極則有以干冰(固態(tài)的二氧化碳)和水冰組成的極冠(polar cap),風(fēng)成沙丘亦廣布整個(gè)星球?;鹦巧嫌写蟮幕鹕?mdash;奧林帕斯山和最大的峽谷—水手號(hào)峽谷(gorge)?;鹦侨蚩睖y(cè)者高解析照片也發(fā)現(xiàn)數(shù)百個(gè)在隕石坑和峽谷邊緣上的溝壑(gully)它們趨向坐落于南方高原、面向赤道的隕石坑(crater)壁上。

干貨!托福背景知識(shí)【太陽(yáng)系之火星】

火星環(huán)境

火星的軌道是橢圓形(oval),因此,在接受太陽(yáng)照射的地方,近日點(diǎn)(perihelion)和遠(yuǎn)日點(diǎn)(aphelion)之間的溫差將近160攝氏度。這對(duì)火星的氣候產(chǎn)生巨大的影響?;鹦巧系钠骄鶞囟却蠹s為218K(開(kāi)爾文),但卻具有從冬天的140K到夏日白天的將近300K的跨度。

干貨!托福背景知識(shí)【太陽(yáng)系之火星】

以上就是《托福真題解析【太陽(yáng)系之火星】》介紹。外語(yǔ)加油站,專業(yè)外語(yǔ)培訓(xùn)服務(wù)平臺(tái)??焖倭私庋潘?、托福、SAT等外語(yǔ)考試報(bào)名信息、報(bào)考要求、真題詳解等,歡迎在線預(yù)約咨詢。

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