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【托福閱讀】背景知識之控溫專家海龜!

標(biāo)簽: 托福 發(fā)布時(shí)間:2024-11-20 16:39:37 來源:托福派

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提到海龜(turtle),你可能會說:“這種動物我熟悉得很,家里甚至還養(yǎng)著呢!”但海龜究竟是恒溫動物還是冷血動物,你真的了解嗎?海龜可是大自然中的控溫專家!它們不僅能適應(yīng)不同的溫度環(huán)境,還進(jìn)化出了一套“天生技能”來調(diào)節(jié)體溫。

那么,大型海龜和小型海龜在調(diào)節(jié)體溫(regulate temperature)的方法上有哪些不同?巨大的棱皮龜(leatherback turtle)為何能在寒冷水域依舊保持活力,而小型海龜卻離不開陽光的擁抱?

海龜,作為我們既熟悉又陌生的朋友,在TPO和歷年真題中可謂高頻亮相。今天就讓我們通過兩篇文章《Temperature Regulation in Turtles》和《A Warm-Blooded Turtle》,來揭開它們?nèi)绾握{(diào)節(jié)體溫的神秘面紗吧!

【托福閱讀】背景知識之控溫專家海龜!

 

冷血動物BUT控溫大師

首先明確一點(diǎn):海龜是變溫動物(Ectothermic animals),也就是我們熟知的冷血動物(cold-blooded animals)。它們的體溫會隨著周圍環(huán)境的變化而波動。絕大多數(shù)爬行動物(reptiles),例如蜥蜴(lizards)、蛇(snakes)、鱷魚(crocodiles)等,都是冷血動物。作為爬行動物的一員,海龜雖然有些種類展現(xiàn)出一定的“溫血特性”,但大多數(shù)依然是冷血動物。相比之下,哺乳動物(mammals)和鳥類(birds)則屬于恒溫動物(Homeothermic animals),也就是溫血動物(warm-blooded animals),能夠通過代謝調(diào)節(jié)自身溫度,不受環(huán)境溫度的直接影響。

那么問題來了:為什么冷血動物也需要維持特定的體溫?

托福閱讀中是這樣解釋的:

While turtle species vary widely in size and habitat, all must control their body temperatures for essential functions. 

——《Temperature Regulation in Turtles》

即使是冷血動物,也需要通過行為調(diào)節(jié)身體溫度,以維持正常的生命活動。比如海龜需要適宜的體溫來維持代謝活動、促進(jìn)消化以及提升繁殖能力。簡單來說,保溫即保命!無論是溫度過高還是過低,都會對海龜?shù)纳嬖斐赏{。

 

曬曬更健康

Turtles exposing themselves to the sun on a log(浮木)in a pond are a familiar sight in many parts of the world, because few pond turtles are large enough to maintain body temperatures higher than the temperature of the water surrounding them. Emerging from the water to bask(曬太陽;取暖) is the only way most pond turtles can raise their body temperatures to speed digestion(加速消化), growth, and the production of eggs(產(chǎn)卵). In addition, basking may help aquatic turtles to rid(清除) themselves of algae(海藻) and leeches(水蛭). Exposure to ultraviolet light(紫外線) may activate vitamin D, which is involved in controlling calcium deposition(鈣沉淀) in their bones and shell.

——《Temperature Regulation in Turtles》

在溪流或池塘中,我們常常能看到小型龜爬到巖石或樹枝上曬太陽(bask)。曬太陽對它們來說不僅是消化、成長和繁殖的關(guān)鍵,還是清潔身體的好方法——海藻(algae)和水蛭(leeches)會被曬干掉。更重要的是,紫外線有助于龜體內(nèi)維生素D的合成,這對它們的外殼(shell)健康、堅(jiān)硬和光滑也非常重要。由此可見,長輩們常說的多曬太陽對健康有益,真的是有科學(xué)道理的!

 

大只能保溫

Leatherbacks(棱皮龜) keep their body heat in different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower its surface-to-volume ratio(表面積與體積之比); for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantothermy(巨溫性).

——《A Warm-Blooded Turtle》

大型海龜有一個(gè)天然優(yōu)勢,那就是它們的龐大體型。體型越大,表面積與體積之比越小,這使得它們散熱更慢,保溫能力更強(qiáng)。

我們可以通過簡單的數(shù)學(xué)推導(dǎo)來說明這一點(diǎn):

假設(shè)動物A是一個(gè)邊長為1的正方體,它的表面積為1×1×6=6,體積為1×1×1=1,表面積與體積之比是6/1=6;假設(shè)動物B是一個(gè)邊長為2的正方體,它的表面積為2×2×6=24,體積為2×2×2=8,表面積與體積之比是24/8=3;由此可以看出,隨著動物體型的增大,表面積與體積的比值下降,散熱速度減慢,保溫性能增強(qiáng)!

這一現(xiàn)象被稱為巨溫性(gigantothermy)。不僅是海龜,像大象和恐龍這樣的龐然大物也同樣從巨溫性中獲益。因此,冬天多吃些食物來抵御寒冷,這個(gè)道理也并非空穴來風(fēng)!

 

脂肪即財(cái)富

It is not enough for whales, which supplement it with a thick layer of insulating blubber (fat)(脂肪層). Leatherbacks do not have blubber, but they do have a reptilian equivalent(等效物): thick(厚的), oil-saturated(油脂的) skin, with a layer of fibrous(纖維), fatty tissue just beneath it. Insulation(絕緣層) protects the leatherback everywhere but on its head and flippers(鰭肢).

因?yàn)橐恍┥~和我們不熟悉的機(jī)制,這一段稍顯晦澀難度,讓我們逐一破解!鯨魚通過厚厚的脂肪層(blubber)來保溫,而作為爬行動物的海龜也有類似的機(jī)制——它們的皮膚含有豐富的油脂,并且覆蓋著一層纖維狀的結(jié)構(gòu)(fibrous layer)。這種油脂層保護(hù)著海龜?shù)纳眢w,大部分區(qū)域都能從中受益,唯獨(dú)頭部和鰭肢(flippers)不在保護(hù)范圍內(nèi)。順便提一下,flippers指的就是海龜?shù)乃闹叮?/p>

Because the flippers are comparatively thin(薄) and blade-like(片狀), they are the one part of the leatherback that is likely to become chilled(寒冷的).The problem is that as blood flows through the turtle’s flippers, it risks losing enough heat to lower the animal’s central body temperature when it returns. The solution is to allow the flippers to cool down without drawing heat away from the rest of the turtle’s body. The leatherback accomplishes this by arranging the blood vessels (血管)in the base of its flipper into a countercurrent(逆流的) exchange system.

接下來,壓力給到了flippers!它們沒有油脂層的保護(hù),而且由于自身的形態(tài),容易失去熱量,還會將溫度帶走。解決這個(gè)問題并不簡單,但棱皮龜巧妙地通過在鰭底部血管的分布,形成了一個(gè)逆流交換系統(tǒng)(countercurrent exchange system)。這種機(jī)制幫助它們有效地保持體溫,克服了失溫的難題。

In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself. This is the same arrangement found in an old-fashioned steam radiator, in which the coiled pipes pass heat back and forth as water courses through them.

那么逆流交換系統(tǒng)(countercurrent exchange system)是如何保溫的呢?簡單來說,逆流交換系統(tǒng)就像是一個(gè)熱量交換的小機(jī)器!棱皮龜?shù)睦溲獜啮挷苛骰厣眢w,而暖血從身體流向鰭部。它們的血管緊緊挨在一起,互相交換熱量。冷血在流向鰭部之前,就已經(jīng)從溫暖的血液里吸收了一些熱量。所以,冷血到達(dá)鰭部時(shí)已經(jīng)溫暖了一些,不會讓龜?shù)捏w溫太低。這樣,龜就能在冷水中保持溫暖了!

對于小型龜和大型龜?shù)挠揍蹋╤atchling)來說,生存可不是件容易的事。它們既沒有巨溫性,也沒有發(fā)育完全的逆流交換系統(tǒng),所以很容易受到寒冷的影響。對它們來說,生存是最重要的任務(wù)!這也許正是為什么棱皮龜要成長得如此迅速的原因之一——它們需要盡快長大,才能更好地適應(yīng)寒冷的環(huán)境。

通過本文的介紹,相信大家對海龜有了更深入的了解!這些知識不僅能成為我們和小伙伴聊天時(shí)的有趣話題,還能在托??紙錾现覀円槐壑?。希望大家都能早日取得理想的托福成績!

 

 

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